Paint and Pallete

Titus Macchius Plautus was a playwright of Ancient Rome. He was one of the earliest pioneers in the history of musical theater. In my own opinion, I would classify him as a pre-modern man that abode the concept of exploration and innovativeness.

There are only few accounts of Plautus’ early life. It is said that Plautus worked as a scene-shifter or a stage carpenter in his early years. It is probably because of these that his love of theater emerged. He discovered his acting talent and adopted the names “Macchius” - a clownish stock-character in popular farces, and “Plautus” — meaning flat-footed. It is also siad that he had worked as a manual laborer for him to experience Greek drama particularly the New Comedy of Menander – during his leisure. Titus Macchius Plautus attained so much popularity that his name alone became a legend in the history of theater and its ventures throughout generations.

The man behind the famous West Side Story, Arthur Laurents, is an American novelist, playwright, stage director, librettist, and screenwriter. Laurents came from a Jewish family and was born in New York City. He began writing scripts for radio in 1945 and wrote the play titled Home of the Brave – a drama that was set during the Second World War.

The Way We Were and The Turning Point are two of his novels of which became successful films. He also wrote the screenplays for Alfred Hitchcock, The Snake Pit, Rope and Anastacia.

In the year 2000, he published a memoir titled Original Story By. Laurents revealed that he’s a homosexual and had relationships with Tom Hatcher and Farley Granger.

With this information about the author, it can be judged that Laurents is a postmodern man because of his embrace to freedom and no absolute truth – not even God, not even human reason. His concept of “no control” is a proof of it. He sets the standard of what is true and what is not. What is reality from what is not. Therefore, his being homosexual defines who he is, but does not meddle with what the society dictates – if there is, in a postmodern one. In other words, he has his own world but does not necessarily fit and coincide with the rest.

The author of Medea, Euripides, is said to be modern by comparison with those of his contemporaries (Aeschylus and Sophocles), focusing his plays on the inner lives and motives of his characters in a way previously unknown to Greek audiences.

It can be recalled that Euripides was considered one of the three great tragedians of the classical Athens. The other two were Sophocles and Aeschylus. According to ancient scholars, Euripides was able to write 95 plays but only 18 of which survived complete.

Euripides violated the formal structure of the Attic tragedy. Euripides empowered women by giving strong roles to women and mocking the many heroes of Greek mythology.

There are only few stories about the public life of Euripides. The one that is considered to be reliable is that of the accounts of Aristotle. Aristotle said about Euripides being a wealthy man because of his involvement in a dispute over a liturgy. That gathering showed strong proof that Euripides was a rich man. And because he had the finances, he had been able to travel to places like Syracuse and Sicily. He was also noted to be involved in different public or political activities during his lifetime.

The author, Jonathan Larson, is considered to be a Post-Modernist. He is a man who embraced the thought of going beyond not just the traditional, but with the concept of modernism as well. He is man who thought that nothing is impossible in this world (manifested by his being innovative and creative in his thoughts and actions) and that he can do unlimitedly, even including reality. He believed that reality, in fact, is not just accepting change as an inevitable idea; but is constructed; therefore, all comprehensible worldviews are oppressive, in this case, reality. Thus, it should be deconstructed; as deconstructionism is the progressive pulverization of reality.

Aristophanes is the author of Lysistrata. An Athenian writer, he is considered to be one of the greatest comedy playwright in literary history. His plays are famous all throughout history because of their wit, comic invention, and poetic language. He is believed to have been born in Athens, Greece and presumably, he received good education during his time. He was also known to be the first and foremost a satirist. Being an expert in his craft, we was able to write more than 40 plays. Eleven of which are declared extant. Lysistrata, which is a satire on war, wherein women strike for peace by the mere practice of celibacy, has been his most famous work.

With the following data, it can be deduced that the said playwright embraced the concept of pre-modernism because of his passion in comic invention despite the traditional standards that had been laid out to him prior to his time. His sense of plotting a new standard in a certain field is analogous to a pre-modern man’s desire to know what his role is in an ordered universe.

He is a “Modern Man” because of his submission to humanism, an attitude that emphasizes the dignity and worth of the individual. Calderon believed that people are “rational beings who possess within themselves the capacity for truth and goodness” – that regardless of the wrongdoings of men, it is through the natural kindness of men that restores peace and unity to everyone in the society. This is a basic premise of humanism.

The author of the morality play “Everyman” is not known, an excuse valid enough to not identifying its anonymous author as belonging to one of the three Western models of history. However, it has been speculated that a member of the church during the Medieval Period wrote this one. This is for the very purpose of preaching and teaching morality – what is good and what is not – to the people. According to several critics in the Internet: the author is unknown, but it has been speculated by scholars that the play was written by a cleric or under the direction of the church.

If we suppose that the author of this play was a clergyman with his intention to preach and teach morality, then he is a “Pre-Modern Man” because of his concept of a Supreme Being, a higher authority that people should submit. This manifested an embrace in Deism, a notion that is very Pre-Modern.

The playwright of Waiting for Godot is Samuel Beckett. Beckett is a “Post-Modern Man” because of his utilization of language and the complexities of it to write plays that were not typical to the traditional plays. He used his being multi-lingual in exploring the world of playwriting. He had proven his mastery on his craft when he set a record as a student. He was a student at the Portora Royal School in County Fermanagh. He also studied at Trinity College in Dublin. From the latter institution he earned the Bachelor of Arts in French and Italian in 1927 and the M.A. in 1931.

Whoroscope was Beckett’s first published work. This appeared in 1930 and for which he won a prize. He was once called as “the most remarkable writer to emerge since World War II.” Of those writers who have created the theater of the absurd, Beckett is probably the best known, and Waiting for Godot is his most famous play.

Moreover, the evidences show that Sophocles was interested in the theoretical as well as the practical side of dramatic art. He wrote books that served as treaties as to how to write tragedies. He also founded a leading company in Athens during his time that served as training ground for dramatists and to those people who have the passion in dramatic art.

The Commonwealth of Bahamas has a rich culture. Not only it is famous for its music called Junkanoo (equatable with Jamaican Reggae), it also has unique art. Bahamian Arts include quilting, canvas art, straw weaving, and coral and stone art. Quilting has been practiced by its people for generations. It has been mainly practiced on the island of Spanish Wells. Straw weaving is a traditional craft that is practiced in most, if not all, islands. Each island has a unique braiding style creating pretty hats and baskets of all sizes. The use of baskets is very common to the Bahamians since they use these baskets for carrying fruit and fishing traps.

Furthermore, canvas art is also something that Bahamians should be proud of. Their art is mainly manifested in their beatuiful landscapes and elegant houses. Notable Bahamian artists include Eddi Minnis, Amos Ferguson, Brent Malone, John Beadle, Jackson Burnside and John Cox.

He was said to be an artist ahead of his time. He created unconventional works that were full of personality – showing a critical fascination with violence and brutality.

Goya married Francisco Bayeu’s sister. This marriage was the gateway to this membership to the Royal Academy of Fine Art. This membership made him more fulfilled as an artist because he was given tons of opportunities that he never thought of achieving. He was invited to travel from one place to another because of his painting prowess.

El Greco, although spent most of his life in the Tolera area of Spain, he was Greek by birth – this was what my Arts teacher kept on repeating and repeating to us during our class this morning. It just can’t let out of my mind. Well, certainly, he was a Greek. His name alone means “The Greek” in the Castilian language.

El Greco was first trained as an icon painter and studied formallyin an art school under the influence of Titian and Tintoretto. El Greco was guided by religious influences and so he referred himself as an artist-philosopher. His works portrayed images that are conceived in the mind, pure colors, and incandescent light – all of them depicting Byzantine and Mannerist influences. And although he primarily worked for religious purposes, he also had some portraits of high quality wherein themes were not limited to his belief system.

El Greco was also an architect and a sculptor.

My Arts teacher discussed another impressive artist in class today. He discussed to us the artist’s biography, he showed to us samples of his works and truly the artist is still astounding even in present times. His name is Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali I Domeneech. Salvador Dali, for short.

Salvador Dali worshipped surrealism. He was a Spanish Catalan painter born in Figueres. He was best known for the strange images in his surrealist works. He was a skilled draftsman. His skills were influence by the Renaissance masters. It can also be noted that The Persistence of Memory as his best-known work. Despite his being a flamboyant exhibitionist with odd traits, he was, without a doubt, a talented worker. He was able to produce more than 1,500 paintings and illustrations in books and lithographs. He also made a name on the film industry. In fact, he was responsible for the short Disney cartoon “Destino.”

Claude Monet was born an artist. When he was young, he was known for his charcoal caricatures. He also took his drawing lessons under Jacques Francois Ochard, a former student of Jacques-Louis David. When he was fifteen, he met a fellow artist in the person of Eugene Boudin. Boudin became Monet’s mentor in using oil paint. He also taught him outdoor techniques for painting known as “en plein air.”

Claude Monet was considered to be the most distinguished member among impressionists. He was a founder of French Impressionist painting. He studied under Charles Gleyre. His students included American Impressionists like Theodore Butler, Theodore Robinson, and Lilla Cabot Perry.

Monet died at the age of 86 because of lung cancer. His popular home and garden with its waterlily pond was turned over to the French Academy of Fine Arts in 1966. All of Monet’s collection is preserved up until now for educational and historical purposes.

One of the most distinguished members of the Vienna Art Nouveau movement was Gustav Klimt. He was an Austrian Symbolist painter. His works of art included murals, paintings and sketches. Gustav Klimt’s primary subject of interest was the female body. It is obvious in his works that the theme were marked by explicit eroticism.

Klimt was one of the three boys of the family. All three of them showed artistic talent even in their young years. When he was sixteen years old, Gustav Klimt was granted a scholarship to the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts. He studied there for seven years and received a number of trainings as an architectural painter. His early works were regarded as academic because of the conservative training he got. Ten years later, he received the Golden Order of Merit from the emperor of Austria because of his contributions as an artist. He was also nominated as an honorary members to two prestigious universities namely the University of Munich and University of Vienna.

Equipped with the knowledge an artist should have aided with his creative mind, he was able to make an output out of a combination between sober and bright colors. As a result, his style in painting was uniquely recognizable. He was able to produce 2000 works which included 900 paintings and 1,100 drawings and sketches. All of these were done during his last ten years of his life. Most of his great works were done in his last years. During this time, the artist was suffering mental illness which led to his suicide.

Surrealism is an art movement that existed from 1919 to 1939. The believers of this movement called themselves surrealists. Their art directly spoke to large audience. Surrealism is the screaming of realism. Surrealism was said to be the irrational combination of interpretation of subjects. Its primary goal is to make the most familiar objects scream loud.

Surrealism is famous for the visual outputs and writings of surrealists. Artworks of surrealists featurs unexpected juxtapositions and illogical conclusions. Much of Surrealist products were based on Freudian interpretation and abnormal physical, pyschological and mental states like anxiety and panic. They portray reality metaphysically. Surreaalist artists and writers regard their works as expression of philosophical art and understanding.

Surrealism spread all over the globe. It moved media such as visual arts, music, film political thoughts and social theories of many countries translated into different languages. Movement leader Andre Breton even stressed that surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement.

Romanticism is a movement in the late 18^th century and the early to mid 19^th century. Romanticism is a complex literary, artistic and intellectual movement that can be traced back in Western Europe and was popularized during the Industrial Revolution.

Romanticism expresses strong emotion, deep imagination and extreme freedom from the classical definition of reality. Romanticism is often associated with rebellion against social traditions and conventions and the rationalization of nature during the Age of Enlightenment.

Romanticism is the celebration of the mysterious, the strange and the supernatural. It shows spontaneity, subjectivity, imagination and nonconformity to the norms. Romanticism portrays the fascination with the evil, the occult and the monsters. Romantism is when one is preoccupied with erotic, unrequited love and death. Romanticism is associated with one’s individuality and intuition. Romantics relate their instincts, senses, and emotions to their craft. With all these in mind, the outputs of Romanticism are said to be passionate and strongly emotional.

The opposite of Impressionism is the art movement called Expressionism. Expressionism is subjective by nature. This movement gives its artists ultimate freedom in the interpretation and portrayal of different subjects. This movement somehow bends the reality for a deeper emotional effect. Expressionism is often associated to the presentation of emotional angst of artists in particular subjects concerning the harsh facts of reality.

Sculptors who worshipped Expressionism are Erns Barlach and Erich Heckel.

In film, German names are popular. They are Robert Wiene, Ingmar Bergman, Douglas Sirk and David Lynch.

Expressionists in literature include the famous novelist Franz Kafka and poets Georg Trakl, Gottfried Benn, Ernst Stadler and Georg Heym.

A concentrated movement of Expressionism has emerged even in the 20^th century. Georg Kaiser and Ernst Toller were the most famous playwrights. Notable dramatists during this time were Walter Hasenclever, Hans Henny Jahnn and Arnolt Bronnen.

Music expressionists were Anton Webern, Alban Berg. Ernst Krenek, Maurice Ravel, George Gershwin and Igor Stravinsky

Impressionism is an art movement that refers to the visual arts in the late nineteenth century. This movement greatly stressed on the portrayal of an overall impression of a particular scenario with the use of the primary colors and simple brushstrokes to produce an image of a reflected light. Impressionist paintings have simple subject matter and open composition. There is also an inclusion of movement in these paintings. For Impressionist artists, movement is a crucial element of human perception and experience.

The aim of impressionism is to capture the artist’s perception of a certain subject and not on the subject itself. Thus, a specific subject can have different moods and outputs by different artists. Impressionists make sure that if someone examines their paintings, that someone will get something out of the image that’s been seen even if that someone only catch a glimpse of it.

After impressionism in the field of visual arts, impressionism in music and another analogous movement in literature emerged.